Daimler-Benz Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Daimler-Benz Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Indian automobile market and industry are presented, which will be helpful in building up a scenario, where Daimler can actually present facts and figures to the management in assisting them to launch a new model of car in India. For this reason, a detailed market research has been conducted which entails market summary, demographics of the target market, market requirements, trends and market growth. Additionally a SWOT analysis is also presented in order to enable the management to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Daimler will be facing in India. The market analysis section also includes competition in the automobile industry, products offered by the competitors, critical success factors and issues that will be arising on the Indian automobile market’s horizon for Daimler. The market analysis conducted in section 2 of the report will help in developing a marketing plan which entails the marketing and financial objectives, identifying the tar get market, positioning of the product and the strategies to promote the product efficiently. Marketing strategy section will be followed by a detailed financial analysis to estimate the investments and returns. In the end, controls and revenue management report will be provided to overcome the risks involved for Daimler-Benz while entering into the Indian market with its new product. 2. Situation Analysis Daimler-Benz is present in Indian automobile market for over 50 years. The company is engaged in offering its prestigious vehicles to the rich Indian market where it is well preferred over other prestigious car manufacturing brands. Now the company has decided to offer its Hybrid cars to the potential Indian market. Daimler, just like other markets, believes that the quality, durability,... The paper includes competition in the automobile industry, products offered by the competitors, critical success factors and issues that will be arising on the Indian automobile market’s horizon for Daimler. The market analysis conducted in the report will help in developing a marketing plan which entails the marketing and financial objectives, identifying the target market, positioning of the product and the strategies to promote the product efficiently. Marketing strategy section will be followed by a detailed financial analysis to estimate the investments and returns. In the end, controls and revenue management report will be provided to overcome the risks involved for Daimler-Benz while entering into the Indian market with its new product. Daimler-Benz is present in Indian automobile market for over 50 years. The company is engaged in offering its prestigious vehicles to the rich Indian market where it is well preferred over other prestigious car manufacturing brands. Now the company has decided to offer its Hybrid cars to the potential Indian market. Daimler, just like other markets, believes that the quality, durability, energy efficiency and eco-friendly features of the Hybrid cars will be the key to success in India. For this reason, besides paying special attention towards the above mentioned four features, Daimler also believes that handling over the market research and strategy formulation to a local firm who knows Indian culture and has sufficient knowledge of how to make the launch of Hybrid cars, a success story.

Organizational Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Communication - Research Paper Example Effective leadership and novel and innovative organizational communication strategies aimed at integrating the efficiencies of a talented workforce with strong leadership are the only means available at the disposal of organizations today, to sustain their competitive positioning and market domination (Burke and Cooper 5; Driskill and Brenton 936). At Ogilvy & Mathers’ (O & M) special efforts are made by the leaders and managers to translate the corporate challenges encountered by them into success stories by encouraging a system of smooth uninterrupted communication and building an environment that honors and elevates the status of employees to that of highly competent and motivated individuals. Introduction: Ogilvy and Mather is a reputed international advertising firm headquartered in Manhattan, U.S.A founded in the year 1948 by David Ogilvy and spread in over 169 cities. Over the past 60 years the firm has managed to build a strong brand name and encouraged an impressive c orporate culture that has helped build some of the most recognizable brands in the world namely American Express, Ford, Shell, Barbie, Sears, Dove, IBM, and Kodak among others (O & M). The overwhelming success achieved by the firm stems from its persistence and relentless pursuit of excellence which it managed to achieve by developing and implementing innovative workplace practices and strong leadership. Some such leadership and organizational communication strategies adopted and applied by O & M over the years that helped the brand in achieving unprecedented success, are discussed in the following sections. Leadership at O & M: According to Wrench (182) coaching strategy of leadership is one of the most significant strategies adopted by modern leaders which entails the use of one-on-one interactions by the leaders as a means of communicating with their followers and subordinates in a bid to enhance their performance. This strategy was successfully applied by David Ogilvy - the foun der of O & M one of the most renowned international advertising firms. Ogilvy's leadership entailed an innovative coaching style which included long and deep conversations with the employees which were not limited to the problems and issues faced by them within the organization but extended beyond the boardroom into their personal space, where the employees were encouraged to discuss their personal beliefs, dreams, goals well as career related hopes (Wrench 183). Coaching style of leadership: This style of leadership was first introduced by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard in the late 1960s (Poole 104) and later popularized by Daniel Goleman (Cherniss and Goleman, 43). Wright (237) defines coaching leadership as leadership that "delegates responsibility for elements of the organization's strategy". One of the key traits of a leader as a coach is the ability to listen to their employees via a one-to-one communication method and establish rapport and mutual trust. Good leaders according to this leadership style are those that excel in the art of listening and guiding their employees to identify their strengths and weaknesses and contribute towards their productivity and performance by helping them to identify the resources required to enhance their outcome as well as ways to find the same (Wright 237). Ogilvy & Mather has always endorsed the ‘leader as a coach’ brand of leadership whereby the leaders are encouraged to

Maglev Wind Turbine and Solar Panel for Streetlight

Maglev Wind Turbine and Solar Panel for Streetlight Abstract:  This work describes the implementation of VAWT and solar panel for electricity generation from renewable energy sources that are wind energy and solar energy respectively. The VAWT worked on electromagnetism principle has suspension system of permanent magnets instead of ball bearing used in conventional wind turbines. The electrical energy generated by this hybrid system is then used for streetlight purpose. Keywords: Wind energy, Solar energy, Magnetic Levitation, VAWT, Savonius Turbine, Solar panel 1. INTRODUCTION The primary factor for survival of human beings is the energy. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy from one form to another. Electric power is not available in many rural areas due to high cost of generation and distribution to small dispersed users. For electricity generation we have to greatly depend upon hydraulic and nuclear power plants. But due to their certain disadvantages like area compensation, high initial cost, availability of resources and also the pollution, there is need to rethink on some another renewable energy resources. Solar energy and wind energy are available abundantly all over the world with free of cost. These energies are harnessed by human beings for a long time and with the advanced technologies we can take their advantage to generate electricity. The potential of solar energy is 178 billion MW which is about 20000 times the worlds demand and the potential of wind energy is 1.6ÃÆ'-107 MW equal to magnitude of present energy consumption on the earth. The solar energy can be converted to electrical energy by photovoltaic cells. The kinetic energy of wind can be converted to electrical energy by wind turbine. As conventional wind turbine has certain disadvantages; vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) are the alternate solution. The merits of VAWT are low initial and running cost, easy installation, less space acquired, capability to capture wind from any direction and elimination of ball bearings by the use of magnetic levitation technique. The advantage of these two renewable energy resources can be taken by making a hybrid system so we do not required depending on availability of any single resource. The electricity required for domestic purpose can be generated by unique combination of solar system and wind system. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Solar power The solar power where sun hits atmosphere is 1017 watts, whereas the solar power on earths surface is 1016 watts. The total world-wide power demand of all needs of civilization is 1013 watts. Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need. If we can use 5% of this energy, it will be 50 times what the world will require. 2.2 Principle of working of photovoltaic cell Electricity can be produced from the solar energy by photovoltaic solar cells. When photons from the sun are absorbed in a semi-conductor, they create free electrons with higher energies than the electrons which provide the bonding in the base crystal. Once these free electrons are created, there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the semi-conductor to do useful work. The electric field in most solar cells is provided by a junction of materials which have different electrical properties. The photovoltaic effect can be easily described easily for p-n junction in semi-conductor materials of solar cells which are silicon, cadmium, sulphide/copper sulphide , gallium arsenite. Fig-1 Working principle of photovoltaic cell 2.3 Various type of solar cell Thecomparison of various types of pv-cell is Price Efficiency 1 W size Current production Single crystal High 10-17% 1 About 30% Polcrystalline Medium 10-13% 1.3 About 60% Amorphous Low 7-10% 1.7 About 10% 2.4 Wind energy Wind energy is an indirect source of solar energy. Factors responsible for wind are- 1. Heating and cooling of the atmosphere which generates convection currents. Heating is caused by the absorption of solar energy on the earths surface and in the atmosphere. 2. The rotation of earth with respect to atmosphere, and its motion around the sun. 2.5 Wind power Three factors determine the output from wind energy converter- 1. The wind speed 2. The cross section of wind swept by rotor, and 3. The overall conversion efficiency of rotor, transmission system and generator or pump. No device, however well designed, can extract all of the winds energy because the wind would have to be brought to a halt and this would prevent the passage of more air through the rotor. The most that is possible is for the rotor to decelerate the whole horizontal column of intercepted air to about one-third of its free velocity. A 100% efficient aerogenerator would therefore only be able to convert upto a maximum of around 60% of the available energy in wind into mechanical energy. Well-designed blades will typically extract 70% of the theoretical maximum, but losses incurred in the gear box, transmission system and generator or pump could decrease overall wind turbine efficiency to 35% or less. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy. The mass of wind is- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (1) Kinetic energy of wind is- Watts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) But, the power is nothing but kinetic energy of wind. Hence, available wind power- Watts Watts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (3) Where, A= area swept by the blades, m2 V= velocity of wind, m/s à ªÃ‚ Ã‚ ¬= air density (1.225 kg/m3 at sea level) 2.5 Types of VAWT 1. Savonius rotor Characteristics of Savonius rotor Self-starting Low speed Low efficiency. Advantages: The machine performs at low wind velocity ranges. It has simple construction, hence easy to manufacture. Cost of VAWT may be significantly lower than that of standard wind turbine. Ground level mounting. Overall weight of the turbine may be substantially less than of conventional system. Disadvantages: This type of machine is too solid, having so much metal It is not useful for a very tall installation because a long drive shaft problems. 2. Darrieus rotor Characteristics of Darrieus rotor Not self-starting High speed High efficiency Potentially low capital cost Advantages: Rotor blades can accept the wind from any direction Ground level mounting Eliminate yaw control mechanism Less airfoil fabrication cost Disadvantages: It requires external mechanical source for start up At low height, it experiences a lower wind velocity compare to conventional turbines 3. MAGNETIC LEVITATION 3.1 Principle As we know that, when two like poles of magnet are bring together, they get repels from each other. This characteristic of magnet is used for the suspension purpose in vertical axis wind turbine. Due to the absence of physical contact between magnetic bearings, there is benefit of no friction and hence no wear. Also the no need of lubrication, no power loss and the absence of noise generation. Fig-2 Principle of Magnetic Levitation 3.2 Magnet Selection The strength of magnet to get attract or repels is depend on its material configuration. There are basically four categories of magnet that are alnico, ceramic, samarium cobalt and neodymium iron boron (Nd-Fe-B). Nd-Fe-B is the newest invention out of these which exhibits strongest magnetic properties. This magnet is used for the suspension purpose in VAWT. The repelling force exerted by these magnets holds the weight as well as force exerted by wind turbine. Fig-3 B-H curve of different magnets [1] From figure B-H curve depicts attractive magnetic characteristics of Nd-Fe-B offering high flux density with the ability of resisting the property of demagnetization. The permanent magnets selected were N-42 grade Nd-fe-B having ring shape which consist of nickel plating for strengthening and protecting the magnet. 3.3 Magnet placement To obtain thenecessary suspension for wind turbine, two ring shaped Nd-Fe-B magnets are arranged at the middle of the shaft. Magnetic suspension leads to frictionless, noiseless, maintenance less and power loss less rotations of rotor over stator. The similar 8 number of Nd-Fe-B disc shaped magnets are located around the bottom side periphery of wooden disc at above the top magnet. The flux generated by these disc shaped magnets is used for power generation with the help of the generator. Fig-4 Placement of ring magnet on turbine shaft Fig-5 Placement of disc magnets on rotor 4. COIL DESIGN AND ITS ARRANGEMENT To design the definite number of turns per coil is difficult. If the more turns are wound it increase the emf generated from each coil but increase the size of the every coil. For minimizing the size, wire having higher gauge can be used. If the diameter of wire is small low amount of current will flow leading to heating ofwire because of the increased resistance of wire which is another difficult task. Field density is the problem attached with large size coil for designing the generator for given application. Increase in gap between two magnets by increasing height of coil results in reduction of magnetic flux. Hence necessary voltage and current must be balanced. Fig-7 Coil arrangement on stator 5 HYBRID SYSTEM Sometimes due to unavailability of any single resource that is either solar energy or wind energy, there is effect on efficiency of such system. Also to decrease the load on single system, we can interconnect the solar system and wind system together. The output of solar system is DC and that of wind system is AC. So by the use of rectifier AC can be converted to DC and finally this combined DC is given to battery for storage purpose. Fig-8 Hybrid system 6. ENERGY STORAGE When there is no need of generated electrical energy or when the generated energy is excess than demand for application, there is need to store electrical energy. Therefore a 12V battery is used for storage purpose. The electrical energy is stored in the battery in the form of chemical energy when not to used and get convert from chemical energy to electrical energy When required to be used. 7. CONCLUSION The efficiency and effectiveness of VAWT increases due to the use of magnetic levitation principle. For domestic application it is convenient to use Maglev turbine than to use conventional turbine as it requires less space and also low initial and maintenance cost. Maglev turbine with large capacity gives more power than conventional horizontal axis turbine. To decrease the load on any single system, the concept of interconnection of solar and wind is very helpful. This hybrid system along with streetlight application can be used for several domestic applications like mobile and laptop charging, CCTV, to enlighten the single room etc. Use of renewable energy sources with initial investment can make the user free from electricity bill. 8. REFERENCES [1] Harshal V. and Kharat R. K, Power generation using Maglev Windmill International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRET) Volume: 05 Issue: 06 June: 2016 [2] Ashvin P. Joseph Review paper on Wind Turbine using Magnetic Levitation International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRMET) Volume: 6 Issue:1 Nov 2015-April 2016 [3] G. D. Rai, Non-conventional energy sources Khanna publishers, fourth edition, 2008 [4] B. Bittumon Design and analysis of Maglev Vertical Axis Wind Turbine International journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering (IJETAE) Volume: 4 Issue: 4 April 2014

A Character Analysis of James Joyces The Dubliners Essay -- Literary

In the collection of short stories in â€Å"Dubliners,† James Joyce introduces a mosaic of the day-to-day lives of working class Irishmen and their personal struggles with the pre-independent societal and personal restrictions of Victorian England. The characters of Little Chandler, Eveline, Maria, and Farrington symbolize the specific components of the kaleidoscopic Irish population and their universal tendency to stay contained within the limits of the current time period and within the limitations of their society. Despite life presenting them with opportunities to improve or change their living conditions, these people are not ready to move on and are suffocated by their ambiguity, their belief system, and their stereotypes. Joyce’s characters illustrate multiple stereotypes and also a variety of beliefs that Irish people followed, which influenced their behavior and their choices. Some literary critics recognize the reason for the paralysis of Dubliners as being the society as a whole with its pervasive moral conditions (Bloom 90-91). One of the most significant stereotypes, described by Phillip F. Herring, was the misleading belief among the Irish population that the improvement of their lives comes â€Å"only through death or emigration† (Bloom 91). This false conviction is presented in at least two Joyce’s characters; Eveline and Tom Chandler. Eveline is a nineteen year old girl from the book of the same name. Although still very young, she is taking care of her abusive father and two siblings in return for having a roof over her head. She is employed in â€Å"stores† under the supervision of Miss Hill, who, similarly to her father, does not show any fondness f or and kindness to Eveline. However, there might be a light at th... ...guage 51.1 (2009): 1-16. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. de Voogd, Peter. â€Å"Imaging Eveline, Visualised Focalisations In James Joyce’s Dubliners.† European Journal of English Studies 4.1 (2000): 39-48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012 Goldberg, S.L. â€Å"Virtues and Limitations In James Joyce’s ‘Dubliners’: A Critical Handbook.† Eds. James R. Baker and Thomas F. Staley. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. (1969): 29–35. Print. Herring, Philip F. â€Å"‘Dubliners’: The Trials Of Adolescence In James Joyce: A Collection of Critical Essays.† Ed. Mary T. Reynold. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1993): 67-80. Print. Kelly, Joseph. â€Å"Our Joyce: From Outcast To Icon†. University of Texas Press, 1998. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 10 Apr. 2012. Joyce, James. â€Å"Dubliners†. Ed. Margot Norris.1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. Print A Character Analysis of James Joyce's The Dubliners Essay -- Literary In the collection of short stories in â€Å"Dubliners,† James Joyce introduces a mosaic of the day-to-day lives of working class Irishmen and their personal struggles with the pre-independent societal and personal restrictions of Victorian England. The characters of Little Chandler, Eveline, Maria, and Farrington symbolize the specific components of the kaleidoscopic Irish population and their universal tendency to stay contained within the limits of the current time period and within the limitations of their society. Despite life presenting them with opportunities to improve or change their living conditions, these people are not ready to move on and are suffocated by their ambiguity, their belief system, and their stereotypes. Joyce’s characters illustrate multiple stereotypes and also a variety of beliefs that Irish people followed, which influenced their behavior and their choices. Some literary critics recognize the reason for the paralysis of Dubliners as being the society as a whole with its pervasive moral conditions (Bloom 90-91). One of the most significant stereotypes, described by Phillip F. Herring, was the misleading belief among the Irish population that the improvement of their lives comes â€Å"only through death or emigration† (Bloom 91). This false conviction is presented in at least two Joyce’s characters; Eveline and Tom Chandler. Eveline is a nineteen year old girl from the book of the same name. Although still very young, she is taking care of her abusive father and two siblings in return for having a roof over her head. She is employed in â€Å"stores† under the supervision of Miss Hill, who, similarly to her father, does not show any fondness f or and kindness to Eveline. However, there might be a light at th... ...guage 51.1 (2009): 1-16. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. de Voogd, Peter. â€Å"Imaging Eveline, Visualised Focalisations In James Joyce’s Dubliners.† European Journal of English Studies 4.1 (2000): 39-48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012 Goldberg, S.L. â€Å"Virtues and Limitations In James Joyce’s ‘Dubliners’: A Critical Handbook.† Eds. James R. Baker and Thomas F. Staley. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. (1969): 29–35. Print. Herring, Philip F. â€Å"‘Dubliners’: The Trials Of Adolescence In James Joyce: A Collection of Critical Essays.† Ed. Mary T. Reynold. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1993): 67-80. Print. Kelly, Joseph. â€Å"Our Joyce: From Outcast To Icon†. University of Texas Press, 1998. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 10 Apr. 2012. Joyce, James. â€Å"Dubliners†. Ed. Margot Norris.1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. Print

Egg Baby Reflection Paper Essay

Throughout this whole experience with my baby egg Kendall, had really taught me how to become far more responsible. My experience with my egg baby was so much fun, but I soon learned that it wouldn’t be easy caring for a baby all day long every day. Having to look after a child 24/7 is not an easy task to accomplish, especially when you had other priories before the egg came along. I admit this whole process wasn’t fun at times. For example; all the times when I either went out to eat or to go shopping, I not only had to get food for myself but for one more person! It might sound silly, but you really have to remember that it’s not just you and your husband any more. You have a baby! During the process, I had to find a way to work around my job and take care of Kendall, so I had to take off a good month and a half to provide good care for my child. This experience assured me even more that I am not near ready for children at my age. I also thought that it a lot g ot harder as the week went on with having to carry it everywhere I went, and to get in and out of my locker, as well as bringing it to class everyday while all the same time not dropping it! The whole two weeks was quite the experience for me. I managed to never drop, or crack my egg baby through it all. Which wasn’t an easy task to do, considering you literally had the egg every class you went to. Not to mention when you couldn’t make time for your baby you had to find a babysitter that you depend on for a good 3 hours. When going to and from school I decided to buckle up Kendall in the front seat so she was very secure and had no change of getting smashed by my book bag or anything else. Through it all I found that the more effort I put into this project, the more I would get out of it in the end. I had to realize that this egg baby was going to be my top priority for two weeks straight. During her physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development stages I learned that babies are motivated, curious and competent learners right from the start. They are natural scientists in a way. Cognitive development is the building of concept knowledge and thinking skills. Children come into  the world eager to lea rn. Through relationships, active exploration and experiences, figure out how things work, imitate others, try out new behaviors, share meaning, and solve problems. Like scientists, young children discover the mysteries of the world. Through play and practice, they build ideas and develop their thinking skills on their own. I found that babies experience emotions right from the start. From their first cry of hunger to their first giggle, their emotional experience grows. Young children learn many ways to express emotions such as happiness, sadness and anger. As they interact with their people, they come to understand their own emotional experience. Eventually they gain some control over their strong emotions. I learned that as children mature and grow parents eagerly await for important signs in the child’s life such as learning how to roll over and crawl. Each of these represents a part of physical development. I found that it is also important to realize that the speed at which these indicators are reached can vary. For example; some children learn to walk earlier than their friends, while others may take a bit longer. I learned that social and emotional development is often harder to determine than sign s of physical development. From the start babies begin to explore their new world including themselves and other people. During this development children tend to have rapid mood swings. Their emotions can be very intense; these feelings also tend to be short-lived. For example; your child can go from screaming hysterically about a toy he wants to sitting in front of the television quietly watching his favorite show just moment later! Some studies have found that emotional and social developments are needed for school. Examples include paying attention to adults, and cooperating with other kids. I learned a lot from all these developments. They really taught me how hard it will be when later on I do eventually have kids and what I will have to look forward to. Parenthood affected my week just by having to make sure I leave a little extra earlier to get to class on time, and having to keep hold on good to my basket when moving through the halls. The biggest job I felt really had me thinking at all times was to make sure I never left her anywhere, and to always know where she was at all times! I had difficult times during the week where I had to find a babysitter a couple days ahead when I knew I wasn’t going to be able to take care of her that night. I really had to adapt very quickly to this new lifestyle for two weeks,  because I knew it was going to change how I did everything. The most difficult thing for my throughout this whole process was probably having to put my egg baby before anything for two weeks. At some points during the process Kendall was kind of a pain because she had to tag along to literally everything I went to since throughout the process I really didn’t have much money for babysitters but I managed, and some of the places were not suitable for egg babies. I felt I spent a lot of time with Kendall, I mean honestly she went practically everywhere with me! We spent a bunch of time together to and from school, and after track practices. The most time occurred at school, and going to every class together. I will most likely parent my child with clear expectations and consequences and I will be loving and caring toward them. I will allow for flexibility when they are dealing with behavioral challenges. In conclusion, I feel from this whole experience my letter grade should be an â€Å"A†. If the past week was any sign, my egg-parenting skills are still a work in progress. I managed to keep my egg intact without any cracks. In the end I was actually really sur prised how good I kept Kendall together. I did have some nerves about dropping it, when other classmates were only a couple days into the project and already having cracks or dropping it completely. Though I found out that I had become much more responsible through this whole project.

Qualities of a Good Son or Daughter

What are the important qualities of a good son or daughter? Have they changed or remained the same over time in your culture? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Within a family, children have their own roles including their behavior, their rights and their responsibilities. As to respond to these roles children are expected to obey as well as to be helpful and willing. It is really important for the family structure, the sons and the daughters to have the quality of obeisance. However, the parents’ demands differentiate according to the gender of their child. Boys are expected to become mature man as quick as possible in order to look alike their fathers. They should obey in a more practical way as to get ready for the life sooner than the â€Å"delicate† daughters. On the other hand, girls are often considered as the privileged or even spoiled ones and they are not charged with the hard works. However, they are obliged to maintain their morality and their humility more than their brothers. This is why, in the past daughters were only accompanied outdoors by their parents or their older brothers. Nowadays, this is considered as an exaggeration, but still in Greece daughters do not have the same level of freedom as the sons have. To be helpful and willing is a quality always appreciated the most from the family. Therefore, the sons should be willing to help at the heavy jobs and the daughters at the housekeeping. The willingness is a quality to be taught and parents should not wait their children to be considerate without teaching them at first the value of helping. The greek families of the past could not actually understand that and there were a lot of cases of punishments as the daughters and sons to learn how to behave. Fortunately, the mentalities have changed and improved. To sum up, it is my strong belief that over the period of time the truly important qualities of daughters and sons haven’t changed in my culture. The obeisance and the quality of contributing to the family have remained the same, it is the way we approach them that has changed. PLIGOROPOULOU THALIA

Solving Problems With a Distance-Rate-Time Formula

Solving Problems With a Distance-Rate-Time Formula In math, distance, rate, and time are three important concepts you can use to solve many problems if you know the formula. Distance is the length of space traveled by a moving object or the length measured between two points. It is usually denoted by d in math problems. The rate is the speed at which an object or person travels. It is usually denoted by  r  in equations.  Time is the measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or condition exists or continues. In distance, rate, and time problems, time is measured as the fraction in which a particular distance is traveled. Time is usually denoted by t in equations.   Solving for Distance, Rate, or Time When you are solving problems for distance, rate, and time, you will find it helpful to use diagrams or charts to organize the information and help you solve the problem. You will also apply the formula that solves distance, rate, and time, which is  distance rate x time. It is abbreviated as: d rt There are many examples where you might use this formula in real life. For example, if you know the time and rate a person is traveling on a train, you can quickly calculate how far he traveled. And  if you know the time and distance a passenger traveled on a plane, you could quickly figure the distance she traveled simply by reconfiguring the formula. Distance, Rate, and Time Example Youll usually encounter a distance, rate, and time question as a  word problem  in mathematics. Once you read the problem, simply plug the numbers into the formula. For example, suppose a  train leaves Debs house and travels at 50 mph. Two hours later, another train leaves from Debs house on the track beside or parallel to the first train but it travels at 100 mph. How far away from Debs house will the faster train pass the other train? To solve the problem, remember that d represents the distance in miles from Debs house and t  represents the time that the slower train has been traveling. You may wish to draw a diagram to show what is happening. Organize the information you have in a chart format if you havent solved these types of problems before. Remember the formula: distance rate x time When identifying the parts of the word problem, distance is typically given in units of miles, meters, kilometers, or inches. Time is in units of seconds, minutes, hours, or years. Rate is distance per time, so its units could be mph, meters per second, or inches per year. Now you can solve the system of equations: 50t 100(t - 2) (Multiply both values inside the parentheses by 100.)50t 100t - 200200 50t (Divide 200 by 50 to solve for t.)t 4 Substitute t 4 into train No. 1 d 50t 50(4) 200 Now you can write your statement. The faster train will pass the slower train 200 miles from Debs house. Sample Problems Try solving similar problems. Remember to use the formula that supports what youre looking for- distance, rate, or time. d rt (multiply)r d/t (divide)t d/r (divide) Practice Question 1 A train left Chicago and traveled toward Dallas. Five hours later another train left for Dallas traveling at 40 mph with a goal of catching up with the first train bound for Dallas. The second train finally caught up with the first train after traveling for three hours. How fast was the train that left first going? Remember to use a diagram to arrange your information. Then write two equations to solve your problem. Start with the second train, since you know the time and rate it traveled: Second traint x r d3 x 40 120 milesFirst traint x r d8 hours x r 120 milesDivide each side by 8 hours to solve for r.8 hours/8 hours x r 120 miles/8 hoursr 15 mph Practice Question 2 One train left the station and traveled toward its destination at 65 mph. Later, another train left the station traveling in the opposite direction of the first train at 75 mph. After the first train had traveled for 14 hours, it was 1,960 miles apart from the second train. How long did the second train travel? First, consider what you know: First trainr 65 mph, t 14 hours, d 65 x 14 milesSecond trainr 75 mph, t x hours, d 75x miles Then use the  d rt  formula as follows: d (of train 1) d (of train 2) 1,960 miles75x 910 1,96075x 1,050x 14 hours (the time the second train traveled)

10 Interesting Facts About Radioactive Tritium

10 Interesting Facts About Radioactive Tritium Tritium is the radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen. It has many useful applications. Here are some interesting facts about tritium: Tritium is also known as hydrogen-3 and has an element symbol T or 3H.  The nucleus of a tritium atom is called a triton  and consists of three particles: one proton and two neutrons. The word tritium comes from  Greek the word tritos, which means third. The other two isotopes of hydrogen are protium (most common form) and deuterium.Tritium has an atomic number of 1, like other hydrogen isotopes, but it has a mass of about 3 (3.016).Tritium decays via beta particle emission, with a half-life of 12.3 years. The beta decay releases 18 keV of energy, where tritium decays into helium-3 and a beta particle. As the neutron changes into a proton, the hydrogen changes into helium. This is an example of the natural transmutation of one element into another.Ernest Rutherford was the first person to produce tritium. Rutherford,  Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck prepared tritium from deuterium in 1934 but were unable to isolate it.  Luis Alvarez and Robert Cornog realized tritium was ra dioactive and successfully isolated the element. Trace amounts of tritium occur naturally on Earth when cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere. Most tritium that is available is made via neutron activation of lithium-6 in a nuclear reactor. Tritium is also produced by nuclear fission of uranium-235, uranium-233, and polonium-239. In the United States, tritium is produced at a nuclear facility in Savannah, Georgia. At the time of a report issued in 1996, only 225 kilograms of tritium had been produced in the United States.Tritium can exist as an odorless and colorless gas, like ordinary hydrogen, but the element is mainly found in liquid form as part of tritiated water or T2O, a form of heavy water.A tritium atom has the same 1 net electrical charge as any other hydrogen atom, but tritium behaves differently from the other isotopes in chemical reactions because the neutrons produce a stronger attractive nuclear force when another atom is brought close. Consequently, tritium is better able to fuse with lighter atoms to form heavier ones. External exposure to tritium gas or tritiated water is not very dangerous because tritium emits such a low energy beta particle that the radiation cannot penetrate the skin. However, tritium does pose some health risks if it is ingested, inhaled, or enters the body through an open wound or injection. The biological half-life ranges from around 7 to 14 days, so bioaccumulation of tritium is not a significant concern. Because beta particles are a form of ionizing radiation, the expected health effect from internal exposure to tritium would be an elevated risk of developing cancer.Tritium has many uses, including self-powered lighting, as a component in nuclear weapons, as a radioactive label in chemistry lab work, as a tracer for biological and environmental studies, and for controlled nuclear fusion.High levels of tritium were released into the environment from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s. Prior to the tests, it is estimated only 3 to 4 kilograms of tritium was pres ent on the Earths surface. After testing, the levels rose 200-300%. Much of this tritium combined with oxygen to form tritiated water. One interesting consequence is that the tritiated water could be traced and used as a tool to monitor the hydrologic cycle and to map ocean currents. Sources Jenkins, William J. et al, 1996: Transient Tracers Track Ocean Climate Signals Oceanus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zerriffi, Hisham (January 1996). Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energys decision to produce tritium. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research.

What Does ACT Stand For The Complete Story

What Does ACT Stand For The Complete Story SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT is now the most popular college admissions standardized test in the US, with the number of test-takers exceeding that of the SAT. But what does ACT actually stand for, and why does this actually matter? We answer all your questions in this guide. What Does ACT Mean? The ACT began in 1959, when Everett Franklin Lindquist, a professor at University of Iowa,was unhappy with the SAT for two reasons: The SAT was designed as an aptitude test – essentially, it tested your intelligence and innate capacity to learn. Lindquist thought that a college assessment test should really be testing what you’ve actually learned in school. The SAT was popular in private schools in the northeastern US (New York, Massachusetts) but not in the rest of the country and not in public schools. Lindquist believed the test should be accepted by public institutions and other schools across the country. Even though the SAT had begun over 30 years earlier and was growing in popularity, Lindquist believed he could do things better. As a result, he founded the American College Testing Program. See the ACT in there? Exclusive Bonus: What's a good ACT score, and how high do you need to score?Read our guide to find out. Lindquist designed the ACT to cover skills that you’ve learned in school. It began with four sections: English, Math, Social Studies, and Natural Sciences. It gave a composite score, just like it does now (read How is the ACT Composite Score Calculated?) Since then, the test hasn’t changed all that much, in contrast to the SAT, which has had something of an identity crisis. Here are the major milestones in the history of the ACT: 1959: The first ACT is administered to 75,460 students. 1972: Million Mark: The ACT hits 1,000,000 students taking the ACT. 1989: Redesign: The ACT undergoes a major change. The Social Studies section is changed into Reading, and Natural Sciences is changed into Science Reasoning. Both changes are an attempt to test fundamental reading and reasoning skills, rather than facts about history and science. 2005: The ACT adds an optional Writing Test. 2007: Every single college in the United States now accepts the ACT for admission. 2012: The number of students taking the ACT surpasses the SAT for the first time. At 1.85 million students, this means over half of the country’s graduates are taking the ACT. So what does ACT stand for? It started off as the American College Test, but at this point the ACT organization doesn’t formally call it that. The test is just known as the ACT. What's Next? Now that you’ve learned the history, you probably want to know how you can get the highest ACT score possible. Find out what a good ACT score is, and how to calculate your own ACT target score. Interested in free ACT practice tests? Click here for a guide on how to get every official ACT practice test available. Read our detailed guide to the best ACT prep books. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points or more? We've written a free guide to the very best strategies you need to use:

Rhetoric analysis of select paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric analysis of select paper - Essay Example He may have read several articles on epigenetics but he still is not worthy to refute Darwin’s theory. The first two paragraphs in the article is an enthymeme because a part of the argument of the author is missing. He talks of a missing full-day discovered by scientists, which was proven by a chapter in the bible. He then concludes his paragraph by stating that Darwin was wrong in his â€Å"myth† of creation. In this syllogism, the major premise is missing making the argument incomplete. It just suddenly concludes that Darwin’s theory is a mistake. Even in the title alone, Burkeman is successful at getting the attention of his readers. He uses kairos right at the start of the article. He takes advantage of the opportune time to capture his audience. What better time to catch the attention of the readers than at the beginning of the document. The title was skillfully worded to stimulate the readers’ views on Darwin’s theory and hopefully to keep the m stirred up during the duration of the argument the author wishes to expound. The title is pathos-driven because it tells the readers that everything they know about evolution is all wrong. This will evoke strong emotions on the readers who will be confused and probably ask themselves what then is the truth. The title alone will encourage people to read the article to find out why they are wrong and what then the right theory of evolution is. Burkeman also uses a play of words in his article, specifically when he used the words â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture†. He uses these words to further explain the concept of epigenetics. He uses these two words to describe about the effect of the environment, that is â€Å"nurture† and heredity, which is â€Å"nature†, on an individual’s descendants. The author displayed logos in his article by citing several experiments conducted by various scientists who question Darwin’s theory of evolution. He cit ed experiments such as the Swedish chicken which is a breakthrough in the field of epigenetics. Another experiment which Burkeman cited which illustrated his use of logos in trying to convey the idea he wished to espouse was the Norrbotten study on life spans. The idea that the author is trying to send to his readers was presented through a review of some literatures which delved on the topic of evolution. He gives his opinions on the book of David Shenk, â€Å"The Genius in All of Us†, the books of Dawkins, Dennett, Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer’s â€Å"The Natural History of Rape†, Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini’s book, â€Å"What Darwin Got Wrong†, the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the research of Carl Woese and Nigel Goldenfield. He cites these studies in trying to prove wrong Darwin’s theory. Burkeman seems to contradict himself on his idea about Darwin’s theory of evolution. While his title implies that Darwin is wrong in his conclusions, in the end, he states that Darwin’s findings were the â€Å"beginning of journey to understand the origins and development of life† (Burkeman , par 30). Burkeman is quite illogical because he is contradicting himself. He refutes Darwin’s research largely in his article but in the end, he acknowledges Darwin’s work as being the stepping stone in further studies in evolution. In terms of style, Burkeman uses figurative language in his essay as exemplified in some statements such as, â€Å"I got up and refilled my cup†

Choose a country, which underwent a recession, and where fiscal and Essay

Choose a country, which underwent a recession, and where fiscal and monetary policies were used to overcome the recession - Essay Example It is said to be integral in a free trade economy. The United Kingdom recession of 1981 was a result of the monetary strength which in turn affected manufacturing and by the government’s policy to reduce its past inflation of 27%; they enforced a stringent monetary policy by impeding their borrowing. Taxes were increased and the consumer’s purchasing power was diminished resulting to a downfall in spending. After a decade, in 1991 a ‘boom and bust’ of the UK economy ensued. Growth was seen at rapid growth that became unsustainable that inflation rose to 10%. Again, government set in and imposed interest rates to halt the people’s spending. These interests had a domino effect as it affected mortgage consequential to foreclosure of housing loans or sell thereof (EconomicsHelp, n.p.). Recession is a phase of the business cycle usually following a peak. It is a period characterized by a decline in the total output, income, employment and trade. This econ omic downturn is also marked by the widespread contraction of business activity in many sectors of the economy. But because many prices are downwardly inflexible, the general price level is more likely to fall only if the recession is severe and prolonged. If an economy fails to recover from a recession, then a depression occurs (McConnell and Brue, 134). The economy of the United Kingdom is no exception for these economic recessions as they already experienced and recovered from recessions several times. What is apparent in today’s economy is that it has a global characteristic which has a worldwide effect among interdependent countries. Many believe that a plummet in Real GDP will ultimately affect employment. In the Great Depression of the 1930s which included the UK, the famous economist Keynes debunked this concept and contended that negative output over a period will not necessarily clear out on its own as was regarded by the notion of the self-correcting aspect of a fr ee economy. He cited that there are four reasons for this; first, â€Å"Firms should cut wages to reflect lower prices but in reality workers are very resistant to cuts in nominal wages,† second, â€Å"2. If wages were cut in response to unemployment workers would have less spending power therefore AD would continue to fall,† and third, â€Å"In a recession people have low confidence and therefore spend less. Keynes said this was the â€Å"Paradox of Thrift† (EconomicsHelp, n.p.). In typical years, gross investment or all the country’s investment goods - both that replace machinery, equipment, and buildings that were used up or worn out or just made obsolete in producing the current year’s output and any net additions to the economy’s stock of capital exceeds depreciation or the amount used up over the course of a year (McConnell and Brue, 116). During these years, the net investment is positive and there will a recorded rise in nation†™s stock of capital. However, if gross investment is less than depreciation, net investment will be negative. This means that the economy is disinvesting because it is using up more capital than it is producing. When this happens, the nation’s stock of capital will shrink. When capital shrinks, the economic activities will also decline or slow down. This is what happened in the Great Depression of 1930s and its effects were felt by all countries across the world. Banks play important role in an economy. They act as intermediary between the producing and the consuming units. Banks take in leakages in

To What Extent Can HRM Be Described as Strategic Essay

To What Extent Can HRM Be Described as Strategic - Essay Example This paper will focus on the extent to which the human resource management can be considered as strategic. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) The purpose of the HR strategies is to guide the human resource management development and implementation programs. The programs dedicate towards the means of communicating to all concerned the intentions of the organization about the management of the human resources. The Human Resource strategies provide a dynamic vision but they also determine to which direction the actions are required to be executed and realized. The strategic human resource management develops a stream of dynamic decisions which help in the formation of a pattern developed by the organization for the management of the human resource and also identification of specific areas which needs to be developed. The strategies will basically focus on the do’s and dont’s of the organization to maintain the organizational health stability (Armstrong, 124). In st rategic human resource management, the functioning system appears in a systematic cycle following a sequenced chronological order. These can be classified into five different dimensions: a) mission and goals, b) environmental analysis ,c) strategic formulation , d) strategy implementation and lastly d) strategy evaluation (Bratton, 40). Validation of strategic human resource management There are limitations to the strategic human resource management. They do not always take into account the circumstances that are unique to a company's structure which may require alteration to regular procedures. The strategic human resource may not be always cost effective in nature since it focuses more towards a centralization-based approach and ignore the factors such as implementation and operating costs (Armstrong, 385). The strategic human resource management may not find its optimal feasibility in smaller companies that do not provide hardcore corporate environment. It can be also said that t he concept of strategic human resource management are based on beliefs about the rationality of the approaches used to develop strategy. The process also seems to underestimate the significance of politics, power, and culture. The implications of the power and politics perspective of the HRM are manifold. It is a fact that anyone who has worked with the organizations in the development of the HR practices such as selection and appraisal systems has inferred that it is political rather than technical or strategic consideration which determines the development of the final product (Armstrong, 278). Focus on organizational processes such as power and influence, institutionalization, conflict and contest for controls needs to be given special emphasis in order to under how the strategic decisions will be successful (Klimosk and Zaccaro). The prevalent conceptualizations of SHRM are depended on the conventional rational perspective to administrative decision-making, acts of linear planni ng and choice and action. Managerial fallacy Critical organizational theorists have criticized these assumptions stating that the strategic decisions are not necessarily based on the output of rational calculation. The theorists argue that the image of the manager as a reflective planner and strategist is based on a

Police and alcohol abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police and alcohol abuse - Research Paper Example Alcohol forms a significant component of cultural, social and interpersonal associations in most societies across the world. According to Doherty and Roche (2003), alcohol is the most widely used drug in the world in spite of its well documented adverse effects on health and social order. Medically, research has demonstrated that consuming moderate amounts of the beverage is beneficial to health by reducing incidents of cardiac ailments especially among the elderly (Lindsay, 2008). However alcohol abuse is a major global concern, affecting people in various professional backgrounds. The adverse effects of excessive alcohol consumption to the user and others are documented in numerous research studies. Excessive alcohol consumption is a major contributing factor of premature death, high morbidity rates and accidents in the population. In addition, it increases of interpersonal violence and aggravates mental illnesses such as depression resulting to high suicidal rates in the contemporary society (Doherty and Roche 2003). In the police force, alcohol consumption does not only cause health problems, but also impacts negatively on the officers’ performance. In a profession that requires high levels of alertness, alcohol use lowers reaction time and reduces mental and physical coordination. A combination of these factors results to reduced productivity in the work place, high levels of absenteeism and increases the risks of work related injuries and accidents(Lindsay, 2008). Research findings on drinking habits of police officers indicate that they drink higher quantities of alcohol in a given occasion compared to the general population (Amaranto, et al 2003). Several factors are attributed for alcohol abuse in the police.

Trends Affecting the Nurse as Educator Research Paper

Trends Affecting the Nurse as Educator - Research Paper Example Change is everywhere, defining not just only what we all teach, but in addition to this how we all teach our students. Transformations occurring in nursing as well as nursing education are simply driven by some socioeconomic variables, developments in health care deliveries and also professional problems unique to the nursing profession (Cerf, 1976). Shifts in the population of the United States have greatly affected the health care priorities and the practice regarding nursing. As a result of progress in public clinical and health care, the average life span is growing rapidly. It has been estimated that by the year 2020, around 20 percent of the population will have grown 65 or older. Greater life-span of people with chronic and also acute ailments will challenge medical care system's power to give useful and powerful care. High growth rate in the diversity of population affect the nature and occurrence of the illnesses and diseases that require alteration in practices which depict s diverse beliefs and attitudes. Discrepancy in mortality, morbidity, and access to care among population have improved, even when the socioeconomic and other relating factors have caused growth in violence and the drug abuse. Nursing practice, training, and study must take hold of and cater these changing demographics, and healthcare professionals must emphasize on spiritual well being, as well as the psychosocial and the physical health of the entire population (Zerwekh, 2011). The demographics of the students have also changed. Diversity of race and ethnicity in the health care and nursing schools have emerged drastically, providing a healthy and rich environment for the students to learn. Students nowadays enter nursing schools at older ages bringing with them various college and work experiences. They are either full-time workers or some of them are raising their families which limits their academic experience and requires flexibility while scheduling (Zerwekh, 2011). The radic al change in the information technology has already brought about a drastic change on the education of the nurses and the delivery of the health care. Development in the technological sector has enhanced the usage of telemedicine and telehealth that brings together the provider and the patient without the need of physical presence. The nurses of the current era should be proficient in computer technology. Easy and flexible access to the data now has an affect on how nursing research should be conducted (Zerwekh, 2011). Globalization has been caused by advancement in the commerce and international travelling, information technology and expansion of the multinational sectors. Along with the possibility of fast disease spread, there is also a possibility for drastic improvement of health because of share of knowledge between the health care systems and cultures. Science of nursing should have power to deal with medical problems like the emerging infections. Education and research of nu rsing should be more internationally focused now to get benefit from multicultural exposure (Zerwekh, 2011). This century patients are well informed who tends to take part in decisions that affect their

Assignment 3-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 3-3 - Essay Example My light hearted approach towards life was given a new meaning after the MBTI exposure. It was as if I could now comprehend my surroundings better than before. Whenever I would now look at the people around me the first that would cross my mind would be the assessment of their individual personalities. This, I felt, was a very constructive tool concerning my job as a sales persons’. As a much acclaimed personality assessment or developmental tool, Myers Brigs Type Indicator offers a type of Jung’s personality type theory. It was for this theory that the MBTI was partly developed, proving to be even more useful in people’s lives. The portrait of an ESFP is just like that of your memorable and everfamous ex roommate at college. The charismatic personality an ESFP possesses makes him the talk to the town with his impulsive and strong approach to life. His concrete nature is accompanied by steadiness of judgement cpabilities and boosting motivation. You reap what you stands particularly true in this situation. A situation to which sales managers should always adhere to. The person opposite to you would always respond in accordance with the way you would treat him. In order to get better sales or margins you need to reward our counterpart with activity, success and best behaviour. This mode of conduct needs to be an integral part of today’s style of management. Unfortunately, the novice sales managers of today overlook this very unavoidable principle of success and yet expect newer accounts and boosting responses. A manging sales representative at ‘Chase’ by profession, and also a multilinguist mastering four different languages I get to travel a lot as part of my job specifications. The most challenging tasks are when an overseas endeavour such as the opening of a new branch or office abroad needs to be established. Always upfront, I

Trends Affecting the Nurse as Educator Research Paper

Trends Affecting the Nurse as Educator - Research Paper Example Change is everywhere, defining not just only what we all teach, but in addition to this how we all teach our students. Transformations occurring in nursing as well as nursing education are simply driven by some socioeconomic variables, developments in health care deliveries and also professional problems unique to the nursing profession (Cerf, 1976). Shifts in the population of the United States have greatly affected the health care priorities and the practice regarding nursing. As a result of progress in public clinical and health care, the average life span is growing rapidly. It has been estimated that by the year 2020, around 20 percent of the population will have grown 65 or older. Greater life-span of people with chronic and also acute ailments will challenge medical care system's power to give useful and powerful care. High growth rate in the diversity of population affect the nature and occurrence of the illnesses and diseases that require alteration in practices which depict s diverse beliefs and attitudes. Discrepancy in mortality, morbidity, and access to care among population have improved, even when the socioeconomic and other relating factors have caused growth in violence and the drug abuse. Nursing practice, training, and study must take hold of and cater these changing demographics, and healthcare professionals must emphasize on spiritual well being, as well as the psychosocial and the physical health of the entire population (Zerwekh, 2011). The demographics of the students have also changed. Diversity of race and ethnicity in the health care and nursing schools have emerged drastically, providing a healthy and rich environment for the students to learn. Students nowadays enter nursing schools at older ages bringing with them various college and work experiences. They are either full-time workers or some of them are raising their families which limits their academic experience and requires flexibility while scheduling (Zerwekh, 2011). The radic al change in the information technology has already brought about a drastic change on the education of the nurses and the delivery of the health care. Development in the technological sector has enhanced the usage of telemedicine and telehealth that brings together the provider and the patient without the need of physical presence. The nurses of the current era should be proficient in computer technology. Easy and flexible access to the data now has an affect on how nursing research should be conducted (Zerwekh, 2011). Globalization has been caused by advancement in the commerce and international travelling, information technology and expansion of the multinational sectors. Along with the possibility of fast disease spread, there is also a possibility for drastic improvement of health because of share of knowledge between the health care systems and cultures. Science of nursing should have power to deal with medical problems like the emerging infections. Education and research of nu rsing should be more internationally focused now to get benefit from multicultural exposure (Zerwekh, 2011). This century patients are well informed who tends to take part in decisions that affect their

Discuss the Satire of Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Satire of Pride and Prejudice Essay The explanation of satire in the Oxford English dictionary is using humour or exaggeration to show what is bad about a person or thing In Pride and Prejudice this notion is almost played upon, with Jane Austen using satire throughout the novel in different ways. It is an entertaining way of subtly poking fun at a person, or group of people, which they are perhaps unaware of. Pride and Prejudice is a light-hearted novel, which although it picks out particular faults in society which existed then, and as Jane Austen sees them, it is a different type of satire to the type of satire that George Orwell uses in animal farm. Whilst Orwell is poking fun at a political system, Austen is poking fun at the social circles that surround her in everyday life. In my own personal view, both successfully ridicule the groups that they intend to. Both authors play on the faults, and enlarge and exaggerate them. Although Austen uses satire in her novel, it is concealed to all but the intelligent; who see the real purpose and not just the comical factor of it all. Austen uses it lightly, and subtly, it is not blatant. She uses it benignly, and never means to be harsh, and offensive. She shows what she has observed, and picks peoples traits; it is the people around her who are the inspiration for the characters in her novels. Using satire she showed the social snobbery between the classes. She showed how the wealthy upper class abused their rank and class and considered himself or herself higher than anyone else. They used people to gain social status in society, and for example, Mr. Collins used to name drop to gain respect from others, when frequently it would backfire on him, and the people would either end up laughing at him or disliking him entirely. Quite often when a person was being rude to them, they would not notice, as it was subtle, this is satire. It is a way of stirring, but it is only ever-affected people if they could interpret it properly. In the text itself, it is very effective. On the surface the novel seems like a complicated love-story, but underneath it shows the true traits of society in the time of Jane Austen. Austen uses characters from the novel to depict the different types of people that there were in those times. In the novel there are several characters that are continually made fun of satirically. The novel starts with a strong statement, It is truth universally known that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in need of a wife. This is as if it is set in stone, and believed by a lot of the characters, such as Mrs. Bennet, Lydia and Charlotte Lucas. By saying this, it is showing the woman to be shallow, and only really caring about the material things in life, such as how much money a man has. The more money he has, the more appealing he is to marry. Lady Catherine de Bourgh is another example of a character that has been satirised. She is a lady who comes from the Upper Crust of society, and has a very high opinion of her. She thinks herself to be highly intelligent and superior to everyone else. She overprotects her daughter, and has an immense amount of control over those who are of her acquaintance. Austen shows Lady Catherines true character using dialogue. For example, when Lady Catherine goes to visit Lizzie Bennet, and they have an argument, Lady Catherine defends her self by saying; Do you know who I am? You are shown whom she really is when she talks. Her opinion is strong, and she dislikes people talking back at her. In the novel, when Lizzie Bennet was dining with her, she would frequently ask a question, then answer it herself. Austen uses Lady Catherine as an example of a person who has a lot of money, and I high up in the social hierarchy, but lacks manners and tact, and is a general snob. A close acquaintance of Lady Catherine is Mr. Collins; who is a cousin of the Bennets. He is the chaplain at Rosings Park, for Lady Catherine. Mr. Collins almost worships Lady Catherine, as she has a lot of money, and he name is well known in society. He is incredibly materialistic, and puts money over personality. He tries to impress people by name dropping, often using Lady Catherine, in hope to gain popularity. He feels that it is important to do this, so that people will be impressed by him, as not only does he know Lady Catherine, he dines with her at least once a week. He is an example of someone who thinks that he has to be accepted in society and does this by varied means. He is a snob, and dislikes people that he feels are below him, although he himself is not highly popular. He has a fine image of himself in his head, and holds a good opinion of himself. You are shown that he is shallow when he asks Lizzie Bennet to marry him, as he claims that he is in love with her, and then when she refuses, he quickly got engaged to Charlotte Lucas, which just proves that he did not love Lizzie, and only asked her, as Lady Catherine said that he should have a wife. He is satirically made fun of most when he proposes to Lizzie Bennet. Austen makes the reader almost pity him, as he embarrasses himself to no end, without really knowing it, and making the reader laugh at him. You can compare Mr. Collins to Mr. Darcy. Mr Darcy is high up in the social hierarchy, as he takes after his fathers name who set such an example, and he sees no reason for him to name drop at all, especially as he is already at the height of society anyway. Mr. Darcy comes across as the type of person who is actually fine with those who are below him, and although he may be off with them, and have formed opinions of them, his mind is not closed, and so there is a chance for it to change. This is shown when he is kind and civil to the Bennets who were not of the same class as him. Mr. Darcy does not seem to enjoy the company of Mr. Collins as he is a sycophant, and tries to get to know Mr. Darcy by talking about Lady Catherine, Mr. Darcys aunt. He is an example of someone who is a gentleman, and does not abuse his social rank, although it may seems like that to many people who do not know him very well. Mr. Darcy was born into money, and so always knew what it was like, and so does not need to abuse it, when there are other people who were not born into money, and do. For example, they might have got their money from labouring, and then made it big, and disowned their former history, and then mocked the people who were labouring. The Bingley sisters are a perfect example of this. The Bingley sisters are examples of new money, people who were not born into money, but made their money themselves. Even though this is the case, they like to think that they were born into money, and pretend that they were always in polite society. They abuse their rank in society, and they mock the people who they feel are below them, they think that those who work for their money are of the lower class; this is ironic as they themselves made their money in such a way. The Bingley sisters are examples of people who have money, and really abuse it by thinking that they are very high up in life, and are rude to those who they think are below them. Mr. Bingley is a true gentlemen, who does not distinguish a person by how much money they have. He is an example to all those who thought that they were better than anyone else were. He treated everyone with respect. This is shown when he falls in love with Jane Bennet, who everyone else thought was far below him, and that Mr. Bingley was far superior to her. He showed everyone else that it did not matter where a person was on the rich list, but what sort of person they were, and that their personality mattered. William Lucas was a vain and boastful man, and boasts a lot about his knighthood, but he isnt really all that experienced, and it is all just a large faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade that he is hiding behind. He is an example of someone who is really proud, but does not really have a reason to be proud. All of the characters mentioned, and several others in the novel are metaphorically wearing a mask, and pretend to be something that they are not, just so that they can be excepted into polite society. They are all one person, as they are like sheep, and copy each other, so that they can also be excepted easier. For example, when no-one knew of the deeds Wickham had done, everyone liked him, as most people did, but when some people found out what he had done, even if they did not tell anyone, you could tell that everyone else was trying to copy them by not being civil to him. They just used to follow the crowd, and they would get so caught up in what they were trying to be, that they would forget who they really were, and what their real identity was. Austen depicts this using satire in her novel, and makes it known to the reader what it was like in those times. In some ways it also can be reflected on what it still is nowadays, except nowadays there is a sheet over it all, and so you cannot see it that much. All in all I think that the satire is very affective, and I think that Austen uses it to her advantages, and it reflects true fully what the real situation was in those times, and how it was hard to tell whom the real people were. I think that the satire that she uses is really clever, and it makes you think a lot. On the surface it is quite light hearted, but underneath the surface it is much deeper than humour, and it makes you understand that there was a lot of people who were so obsessed with being sociable, that in the end you had to laugh at them. It is hard to understand it fully nowadays, as times have changed, and people have different understandings. The satire could become diluted in such situations, but I think that in this case it does not, and it stays strong. I think this because it just makes the modern world which we live in seem so much more trivial, and it gives you an understanding of what it must have been like to live then. I feel that the satire used in Pride and Prejudice is altogether witty, and clever, never once failing to mean something.

History Of Dress Code Cultural Studies Essay

History Of Dress Code Cultural Studies Essay The UAE is the fast changing counties across the world. The UAE has dress code based on respect for the culture and religion. As globalization increases the UAE has been addressing its apparels more than ever. UAE dress code is based on the traditional cultural ethics. The UAE have varying degrees of forbearance to clothing styles from around the world. There are some legal guidelines for which dress code is acceptable perhaps in todays globalized world restrictions for clothing has been removed to some extent. Western expatriates, visitors and tourist have strong influenced the dress codes in the UAE, had diversified the clothing styles of people rather than conventionally dress code. Traditional clothing in UAE for men is a white Kandura (Dishdasha) and Black abaya for women (Dress code in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, UAE). Dress code plays an important role to understanding the customs and traditions of the country. The roots of culture prevails the religion of Islam which is more than belief. It considered as the aesthetic part of the living as per the cultural values and customs. The UAE apparels represent the importance of culture and tradition. Dubai is more advanced than the Abu Dhabi and other emirates. The provision for the dress code has been inspired by the real life story of Asma al-Muhairi has become worried about the increasingly number of foreigners and western attire. She often saw the inappropriate attire of the foreigners which distract the cultural values of the UAE. These incidents inspire her to take action regarding the apparels and enforcing the law against the western culture. History of Dress code: The UAE Federal National Council (FNC) has been set up for the law on the dress code in the Emirates to ensure and respect the customs and sensibilities. Residents and tourists should implement the dress modestly conveying the cultural values. The campaign appealed to set the dress code by proposing the federal law enforcing the dress code against the inappropriate dress code in the UAE. The agenda behind the implementing the dress code is to aware the residents and localities supporting to the Muslim culture and foreigners should respect the traditions and culture of the country. This law strengthens the nations atmosphere of tolerance. The campaign not only lies the clothing also stated the fearing the loss of the regional, social and cultural values due to the immigrants of other countries across the world. They stated that resident have to respect their local culture for transit the values to the next generation of Emirates. The UAE dress code has initiated by the two emirates women- Hanan Al Rayes and Asma AL Muhairi started the campaign at the prospect of foreigners dress in appropriate apparel. This campaign started in the Gulf countries of UAE and Qatar intended to spread awareness in the emigrant communities for appropriate dressing attire opposes to the western culture and supports to the Islam culture on apparels. The campaign aims to educating the people rather than the enforceable by law. The Qatari campaign initiated by the Najla Al Mahmud (Dress code in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, UAE). Importance of the dress code in the UAE: The UAE residents and expatriates need to implement the law of dress code in the context of conventional beliefs. The application of dress code in the country has strong influence on the people to transit the cultural values and Muslim religion. There are significant role of the code of dress code are as follows- Dress code represents the Ethical and cultural orientation. To maintain the discipline at the workplace. Helps to understand the conventional beliefs and values. The dress code is a matter of respect for the residents. Source: http://www.themuslimtimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/UAE-Dress-Code.jpg The UAE can be resembled its dress code to represent the country in disciplined manner, to make significant as per the cultural prospective. The dress code in the country that outlines the local traditions and supported the federal law by effectively enforce the law for tourist and residents against the wearing the non ethical attire. Some examples of dress code are as follows- Work place dress code- At the work place means are expected to wear the attire a smart shirt with trousers with a neck tie. Suits are suitable for the professionals of high profile. While women expected to wear knee length skirts or full length trousers and shirts with sleeves covers the upper arms should be dressed conventionally in moderate fashion to gain the attention at their respective workplace. An appropriate dress code in Muslim country is an important aspect and recommended to dress conservatively. In Bahrain men restricted to wear shirts and for women tops without sleeves are restricted (Ameri, 2012). Dubai male dishdasha Source: (Dress Code and Conduct in Dubai) Traditional dress code- Traditional clothing for the men is white Kandura (Dishdasha) and black abaya for the women. Different colors also accepted in Oman. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSJ_KMXLWF_6MP-fLWnayy6YjziP39zp3Dv-xr9uc9FRez5DOPy Source: (Kipp Report) Dress code during the Ramadan- During the Ramadan men and women should wear the clothes covers knees and shoulders. The attire should be dressed respectful in the context of the cultural values. Dress code benefited for the people: The proper dress code resembled UAE diverse form other countries across the world and represent the country in disciplined manner. The dress code transits the conventional and cultural values for next generation. The aims of applying the dress code to aware the people with traditions and cultural values. If the dress code will be followed by the residents at the workplace in appropriate manner as per the professional prospective such as board meetings and professional tours of the company. Same attire will reflect the higher professionalism in disciplined manner. Opinions of people and Recommendation with respect of dress code: The UAE dress code has attracted several peoples in the supports the idea to implement the dress code. Some followers support the ideas and stated that dress code is the matter of respect to attire adequately in the UAE. Some followers state the religious prospective to expatriates to respect the culture of Islamic country in UAE. Some focused on the changing the traditions in the UAE asserting themselves not wearing the traditional dress code anymore. Some social media users against the restrictions and expatriate community. Recommendation: Adoption of the new laws makes facilitating the effective solution as per the diversified cultures in the country. Freedom of expression is an important aspect and freedom should also be given to the people not strictly enforced by the law. Conclusion: The dress code in the UAE has demonstrated the cultural values and beliefs in the UAE. The code of ethics in the context of the dress code ensures the tourist to adhere the local rules and regulations in respect of the regional values but the globalized scenario has been changing the traditional and conventional beliefs in Middle East in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Though as per the analysis it can be concluded that the dress code implementation has strong influence against the increasing western culture and supports to the cultural values and traditions.

Herbal Dietary Supplements :: Diet Supplement Weight Loss Gain Research Paper

Herbal Dietary Supplements Fit America Fit America touts itself as the very best and most practical 100% Natural system of weight loss that helps an individual lose weight without dieting. Fit America is a natural weight control that is composed of 13 herbs and minerals that supposedly "help suppress appetite, regulate the bowels and kidneys, and stimulates the metabolism so the body uses the foods consumed more efficiently." The Fit America program requires a high protein, low carbohydrate diet. Fit America promises that an individual can expect to lose up to 10 to 18 pounds per month with a proper balance of food and water consumption. These herbal supplements include astragalus, bitter orange, cascara sagrada, fo-ti, gingko, english hawthorn, henna, licorice root, ma huang, and valerian root. It is recommended that individuals who utilize the Fit America program begin by taking one gray colored herbal capsule twice a day and one peach colored herbal capsule once a day. The Fit America program then encourage s the individual to gradually increase their dosage of grey colored capsules but to take no more than eight in one day1. For a 7 - 10 day starter kit of Fit America, the price is $29.95. For a 45 day supply, the cost is $139.00. I will attempt to review the safety of these herbs and their effects on the human body. Herbal Regulations When a pharmaceutical company desires to market a prescription drug, they must meet certain procedures and standards established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These procedures can last many years and incur hundreds of millions of dollars of cost for the pharmaceutical company. Before a drug can be marketed, it must first be patented and then pass three phases of clinical investigation. In Phase I, the drug is tested by giving a small amount of it to a limited number of people. At this stage, the researchers are looking for the pharmacological effects on the body such as side effects. In Phase II, individuals who have the condition that the drug is supposed to treat are tested. Approximately 100 people are tested in this phase. If Phase II shows signs of promise, then clinical investigations move into Phase III.

NAFTA Destroyed Employment Essay examples -- Free Trade, Globalization

NAFTA and the North American Worker The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed into law on December 8, 1993 by former President Bill Clinton. The goal was to facilitate trade between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada by eliminating tariffs on goods traded between them, but it was also about creating jobs. William Orme (1996) affirmed, â€Å"From the beginning, the Bush Administration said NAFTA was about three things: ‘jobs, jobs, jobs’† (p. 112). The trade agreement was sold to the workers of North America with the promise of better jobs, higher pay, and faster growth, but it did not turn out this way for workers in the U.S., for workers in Mexico, or for workers in Canada. According to the Economic Policy Institute, instead of an increase in better paying jobs in the U.S., over a million jobs were lost in ten years with a decrease in wages for many workers with less than a college education (Scott, Salas, & Campbell, 2006). The Mexican economy that NAFTA was expected to prop up has become one of cheap labor used to assemble imported goods into final products for export. James Cypher (2011) confirmed: â€Å"NAFTA has permanently tied Mexico to a low-wage export strategy† (p. 62). In Canada, the once generous social welfare programs granted to workers and citizens alike have been reduced since NAFTA was ratified. The U.S. Worker Although the impact has been less due to the size of the U.S. economy, the U.S. worker has still been adversely affected since NAFTA was implemented. This has been mainly due to the growing trade deficits with Mexico and Canada that have arisen after the agreement became law. The high-paying jobs of U.S. workers in industries that manufacture and export goods have been displaced as a result of more g... ...ited?. The International Economy, 22(3), 24-35. Retrieved from Research Library. (Document ID: 1554987891). Bacon, D. (2004). The children of NAFTA: Labor wars on the U.S./Mexico border. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cypher, J. M. (2011). MEXICO SINCE NAFTA: Elite Delusions and the Reality of Decline. New Labor Forum (Murphy Institute), 20(3), 60-69. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. MacArthur, J. R. (2000). The selling of "free trade": NAFTA, Washington, and the subversion of American democracy. New York: Hill and Wang. Orme, W. A. (1996). Understanding NAFTA: Mexico, free trade, and the new North America. Austin: University of Texas Press. Scott, R. E., Salas, C., & Campbell, B. (2006). Revisiting NAFTA: Still not working for North America’s workers. Economic Policy Institute. EPI Briefing Paper #173. Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp173/.

Matthew Arnold’s “Culture and Anarchy”

A lot of introductions to literary studies, including the one provided by Nà ¼nning , concentrate on what Collini (2000)2 calls the †Holy Trinityâ€Å" of literary studies: poem, drama and novel. According to Collini, this view dominated the Anglo-American literary study from the 1930’s to at least the early 1970’s. He states †Under this regime, the recalcitrant mixed-mode texts of the Victorian essayist and moralists did not fare well.â€Å".Nevertheless, non-fictional types of texts are the most common in everyday life. Were would humanity be without newspapers, manuals, hypertexts, and all the other pieces of †non-fictional proseâ€Å" which are, according to Collini †a nearly limitless categoryâ€Å"?It is the the most red category, and the category most written in. Writers are mostly engaged in non-fictional prose. There are millions of journalists and scientists today; not to speak of all the bureaucrats in the administrations of nearl y every enterprise or government, who write trillions of letters, reports and presentations every day. Non-fictional prose is worth more attention.This paper is concerned with a piece of non-fictional prose. Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold. In order to deliver a sufficient analysis, there will be a chapter on the author first, to get an impression of how to understand the utterances. This includes a brief summary of the most important texts that were published by Matthew Arnold before Culture and Anarchy. Afterwards, there will be a chapter on text types, to clarify which category of text the work belongs to. At last, there will be the analysis of, as an application of the theory from the chapter before, with respect to the current scientific state of interpretation of Culture and Anarchy.1. Matthew Arnold: BenchmarksMatthew Arnold lived from 1822 to 1888. He was an elementary-school-inspector from 1851-86. He wrote poems until he was thirty3 . The most popular one is Dover  Nà ¼nning, Vera. An introduction to the study of English and American literature. Barcelona [et al.]: Klett, 2007  Collini, Stefan. â€Å"From ’Non-Fiction Prose’ to ’Cultural Criticism’: Genre and Disciplinarity in Victorian Studies†. pp. 13-28. John, Juliet (ed. and introd.); Jenkins, Alice (ed. and introd.) and Sutherland, John (foreword) Rethinking Victorian Culture. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 2000. xvi, 244 pp Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, p 488Beach, where he pictured the struggling of his generation with religion and progress and finds a relief in love as a reliable fix-point in life. His poems became so popular, that he was elected the (foremost honorary) post of Professor of Poetry at Oxford University, where he was obliged to hold public lectures three times a year. He was the first unordained holder of the post and spoke English instead of Latin.In 1861 he held a lecture on translating homer, that was published as a book later. E.K. Brown (258) detects a dogmatic element in that essay, when Arnold asserts, that Homer is â€Å"the most important poetical monument existing† and prophesies that he will be read more and more in the future. In the same year, 1861, Arnold published The Popular Education in France, on his own expense. In the Introduction he makes an ominous statement about society as a whole, that was later republished under the title Democracy.The next publication in book-form was Essays on Criticism5 , where he developed a method called â€Å"disinterestedness† (dis- = not, inter- = between, esse= to be). It was not considered to be very helpful by scientists. Chhibbar6 states that it was â€Å"†¦ fragmented, chaotic, and uncentered.† (164), but Caufield7 suggests, that the lack of consistency was compensated by â€Å"a habit of keeping in touch with the concrete† and a â€Å"gift for implicit definition†.Arnold described himself as a â€Å"à ¢â‚¬ ¦ mere solitary wanderer in search of the light†, who speaks an â€Å"artless, unstudied, every-day, familiar language.† (ibid., footnote 2). Having said this, his method can as well be called empirical and inductive. Arnold also pleaded that the mere â€Å"application of principles† was tautological, could not provide a â€Å"sense of creative activity.† (38) and that it would sincerely take a lot of logic to build a machine but the idea to build a machine came from intuition (ix).The subsequent book, Culture and Anarchy, was continuing in the tradition of Essays in Criticism, insofar as it was primarily a collection of essays published in a magazine before. According to Collini (1993, 276), Arnold was involved in an almost continuous series of overlapping Brown, A.K. †The Strategy of â€Å"Disinterestedness†Ã¢â‚¬ . pp 251-262. Weber, Horst (ed.) Der Englische Essay. Darmstadt, 1975.  Arnold, Matthew Essays on Criticism.Chhibbar, Sude rshan. Victorian perspectives on democracy : a study of selected literary documents 1832 – 1867, Dissertation, 1980  Caufield, James W. â€Å"Most Free from Personality: Arnold’s Touchstones of Ethics†, Cambridge Quarterly (2009) 38 (4): 307-327. Collini, Stefan. â€Å"Arnold†. pp. 195-326.Thomas, Keith (ed.) Victorian Thinkers. Past Masters. Oxford, 1993. vii, 428 pp.  controversies, which started around the time of Democracy.  Arnold retrieved from social criticism, when three of his children died in a short sequence of time. He started to focus on religion and got a lot of appreciation for that. Later, he declined becoming professor at Oxford again, as well as becoming Director of a University.According to the Oxford Companion of English Literature Arnold was â€Å"the leading critic of his time†. His contemporaries must have had a different view. According to Caufield , Arnold had been a â€Å"cast out† until the end  of the 2nd world war. He was seen as a †frivolous dandyâ€Å", †logical light-weightâ€Å", †stupid weaklingâ€Å", â€Å"incoherent chatter† or â€Å"intellectual dandy† (237), whose â€Å"airy dogmatism† was â€Å"ambitious, vague and perverse† (244), and could only serve to impress â€Å"young ladies or old women† (243).His style was deemed as â€Å"an almost feminine concreteness of mind that rarely rose above the simplistic level of anecdotal narrative† (242). According to Caufield, Arnold reproduced the Utilitarian versus Romantic polarity and concludes that â€Å"Arnold appears to be figure of late Romanticism†, whose contemporaries claimed that his arguments lacked â€Å"the logical and moral toughness demanded by the disciplines of political economy and ’felicific calculus’ (cf. Bentham).† . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography confirms that †In much of Arnold’s poetry one se es the disconsolate Romantic trying to turn himself into the resolute stoic.â€Å" (489).2. How to Analyse an Essay2.2 Patterns of OrganisationMiller distinguishes 6 patterns of organisation for the information in an essay; illustration, comparison & contrast, definition, division and classification, process, and causal analysis. Illustration means giving examples. Comparisons and contrasts are used to make things clearer, show the positive side of something or to find a general principle. A definition is the explanation of vague and ambiguous words.A formal definition puts the term in a general class and then differentiates it from the other members of that class. An extended definition is used to explain an uncommon term which is new or abstract. A Differentiation is showing what is not part of the definition. A division is the separation into groups, and a classification is the placement of units into these groups. A process is â€Å"a sequence of actions and operations†, which has no focus on the story. A causal analysis consist of necessary, contributory and sufficient causes.2.3 Diï ¬â‚¬erent Types of EssaysThere are different kinds of distinctions possible to differentiate between certain types of essays. On the level of topic, the author can use the a narration, description, exposition or argumentation. On the level of style, there are more or less formal essays to distinguish.2.3.1 Narration, Description, Exposition, ArgumentationMiller (168 n.) explains that the narration has a clear time sequence, can use dialogues and a varying point of view, whereas a description is a â€Å"sensory diction† (ibid.). It can ether stay detached from the narration, be (objective/factual) or include personal feelings and opinions of the narrator (subjective/personal). An exposition is the explain  Svaglic, Martin J. â€Å"Classical Rhetoric and Victorian Prose†. pp 230-250. Weber, Horst (ed.) Der Englische Essay, Darmstadt, 1975. Nation of inf ormations and/or ideas, and an argumentation â€Å"proposes† (366) of a point of view.  In this view Culture and Anarchy clearly is an argumentation.2.3.2 The Informal, Formal and Periodical EssayFreiburg15 distinguishes three types (â€Å"Muster†) of essays which developed successively in history; the informal essay, the formal essay and the periodical essay. The archetype of essay was ’invented’ by Michel de Montaigne. He thought that the writer had to be able to unfold his thoughts without constrains. Form, topic and stylistic devices were kept open. Thematically, reading often was the starting point of de Montaigne’s thoughts, which were explicated, quasi ’live’, in his essays. So they have hardly a structure, are rhetorical and associative.According to Mace-Tessler Bacon called himself an â€Å"imitator of de Montaigne†(15), but he shifted the focus from â€Å"personal inquiry† (ibid.) to social and philosophical topics. According to Freiburg, the essays of Bacon had a clear intention and target group, and were written in tradition of the ’Speculum Magistratis’. Therefore, the tone was kept rational and Bacon underlined his educatedness or cited other authorities to be accepted as an advisor.The rational tone was achieved by the use of definitions and a dialectical logic. The stylistic devices used were comparisons, parables and metaphors. They served for illustration. To easy the memorisation of the  conclusions, aphorisms and maxims were employed.The aim of the formal essay is the transmission of lessons. The periodical essay was ’invented’ by people like Daniel Defoe in the beginning of the newspaper. It was dominant in the Victorian and fin-de-sià ¨cle period. There was an increasing readership, achieved by the cheapness of periodicals and there was a growth in reading public because of elementary education and the overall growth of the middle-class.Mace-Te ssler adds, that the periodical essay is considered as one aspect in the development of journalism. Freiburg describes it as a mixed form of informal and formal essay. The essays where published in magazines and journals. Topics were taken from everyday life in the newly established middle class. They were read silently at the breakfast table, or aloud at the coffee-house. There was a high variety of generic  devices: letters, reports, poems and even fictional narrations are being subsumed under this category. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins is one example. It was published in â€Å"All the year round†, a periodical owned by Charles Dickens.The focus of the periodical essay lied less on what was said, than on how it was said. There was a shift away from subject-matter, towards an examination of the author’s attitude towards a subject. The result was an â€Å"almost conspirational† and â€Å"familiarly† (cf. Mace-Tessler) tone. The periodical essay had t o have a certain predictability because the journal or magazine had to be sold. However, a variety of structures, styles and essay types were needed to sustain the readers’ interest and attention.This variety had to follow some predictable patterns. In general, there was a tendency to  imitate what has been before which formed the style of the periodical essay (Mace-Tessler, 11). Drescher (228 n.) makes an over-all distinction between free essay, formal essay and mix-form essay.This coincides with to Freiburg’s informal, formal and periodical distinction. Drescher states, like suggested by Mace-Tessler, that the style of the periodical essay was foremost coined by the magazine which published it.He analysed 221 periodical essays in two Irish fin-de-sià ¨cle-magazines (The Mirror and The Lounger) and he omitted the use of a categorization by topic, tone or style in favour of four basic structures.The additive, linear, discursive and integral structure. The additive s tructure is characterised by the fact that the parts of the text are not interrelated. They don’t depend on each other and have different topics. In the linear structure, each part of the essay relates directly to the other, as well as to the topic, but there is no interrelation between the texts. The discursive structure has a progressive arrangement of the single texts.The episodes have a causal relation, each text leads to the other and each unit references to the topic. In an integral structure, the parts of the particular essay develop their own structure, and the sense-level stays directly connected to the topic. Mace-Tessler distinguishes rhetorical, simple, unified, associated, unrelated and incomplete essays in his analysis of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator.3. Analysis3.1 Type of EssayCulture and Anarchy was written as a rhetorical essay, published first in the periodical Cornhill Magazine over a period of almost a year. The Introduction was written at last and the particular chapters argument on a different basis of information because they were written in different periods. According to Chhibbar, there had been â€Å"profound changes and tensions† (197) at the time of the accruement of Culture and Anarchy. According to Altick17 , all but the first part, Sweetness and Light, were written as reaction to the critiques. The structure of the whole text must be called linear, in the terminology of Drescher.3.2 Diegetic LevelAs seen above, Arnold was publishing from different perspectives. Campbell18 states that the movement between the roles of school inspector, government official (as an expert), Oxford Professor of Poetry, critic and â€Å"polemical journalist† required the adjustment in the style and content. This shifting between different voices was especially present in the critical writing that used irony, imitation and parody to undermine the views of â€Å"formed personages†. He sometimes even used a fore igners point of view to criticize his countrymen. Campbell suggests to read his criticism more like fiction.3.3 Rhetorical ModeBecause periodical essays were read aloud in the coffee houses authors often made use of rhetorical elements. According to Svaglic (234), the Rhetoric by Aristotle had long been a basic text of the â€Å"litterae humaniores program† at Oxford. Thus it must have been known by Matthew Arnold. Brown even calls him a â€Å"practised rhetorician† (259). Svaglic describes the three modes of rhetoric by Aristotle, who distinguished between the deliberative/hortatory, the forensic/judicial mode, and the epideictic/ceremonial mode.The deliberative/hortatory mode is the persuasion of view-points, the forensic/judicial mode is concerned with guilt and innocence, and the epideictic/ceremonial mode is used for the praise of great men and deeds. Brown states that all great Victorian prose writers were practising every mode of rhetoric at one time or another, but the most popular was the deliberative/hortatory mode (233).Arnold announces that he is a â€Å"man without a philosophy† (94) and speaks of a â€Å"simple unsystematic way† which â€Å"best suits both my taste and my powers† (5), and continuous â€Å"We †¦ having no coherent philosophy, must not let ourselves philosophise.† (Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 201). This â€Å"plain-dealing† (Altick, 82) enables him to anatomise the failures of the middle class by being a â€Å"representative man† (ibid.) of it.3.4 Use of IronyAccording to Altick, the irony of Culture and Anarchy often lies in the fact that the professed respect is proforma and misdirected, or, what starts as epideictic rhetoric is negated by â€Å"deflationary techniques† (128). Due to the fact that Culture and Anarchy was written in pieces (linear structure), the use of â€Å"beautiful† is ambiguous. Wilhem von Humboldt is described as â€Å"one of the mo st beautiful and perfect souls† (140), which is supposed to be actually meant that way, for example. But on the other hand, there is, what Altick (132) calls â€Å"ironic praise†; the â€Å"touching and beautiful words† (61) of the fanatical anti-Catholic Mr. Murphy saying â€Å"I will carry out my lectures if they walk over my body as a dead corpse†, which is definitely neither touching nor beautiful.â€Å"Interesting† is one of the most equivocal words in Arnold’s argumentative vocabulary. For example, the â€Å"interesting speakers† (74), he heard during the Reform Debates in the House of Commons. One is later described as â€Å"perfection†, the other as â€Å"excess†. Excess is not interesting. Another example is â€Å"this very interesting operation† (223), for the attempt to legalise the marriage of a man with his deceased wife’s sister. It was illegal in Britain, but how often does such a case happen? There were much more important problems to be solved at that time – at least from Arnold’s point of view. The absurdity of this â€Å"interesting operation† is emphasised in the aftermath of the text by repetition.3.5 Use of RepetitionsThe phrase â€Å"deceased wife’s sister† gets repeated nine times in Culture and Anarchy. This rhetorical method of Arnold attempts to humiliate the opponent. This is also acknowledged by Collini, who states: â€Å"†¦ by mercilessly repeating the least happy phrases  over and over again, he drowns his opponent in a sea of comic associations.† (216).Sometimes repetition only serves in substitution for a sufficient vocabulary, like in â€Å"†¦ real thought, real beautiy; real sweetness and real light.† (49); or to show similarities like the â€Å"half-sized, half-fed half-clothed† children â€Å"without health, without home, without hope† (245). This similarities all hint to one point: the lack of a sufficient policy. As a â€Å"polemical journalist† (vid. infr. Campbell), Arnold tries to persuade (deliberative rhetoric). One big part of this early type of propaganda is the attempt for coinage by excessive repetition of newly defined terms.3.6 Deï ¬ nitions, Comparisons and ContrastsCulture is â€Å"the best which has been thought and said in the world† (ix). This is thereby nearly equal to religion. â€Å"Religion says: The kingdom of God is within you; and culture, in a like manner places human perfection in an internal condition, †¦ distinguished from animality.† (13). An attribute of culture is â€Å"right reason† as well as â€Å"best self †. The â€Å"really blessed thing is to like what right reason ordains† (68).â€Å"But for us,— who believe in right reason, in the duty and possibility of extricating and elevating our best self, in the progress of humanity towards perfection, †¦ we â₠¬ ¦ support them in repressing anarchy and disorder; because without order there can be no society, and without society there can be no human perfection.†The chasm of â€Å"without† and â€Å"society† serves the rhetorical effect. Anarchy is more or less defined as â€Å"doing as one likes†. The natural instinct of the ordinary man towards liberty is thereby degenerated into an â€Å"anarchical tendency† (59), caused by liberty. This â€Å"doing as one likes† is juxtaposed with â€Å"sweetness and light† (differentiation).According to the Oxford English Dictionary19 â€Å"Sweetness and Light† is a quotation from Jonathan Swift and means the noblest characteristics of humanity. His definition of â€Å"sweetness and light† is juxtaposed with â€Å"fire and strength†, his own coinage, repeated twelve times. Sweetness and light are â€Å"right reason†, â€Å"best self † and â€Å"culture†; but some times this must be protected by the forces of â€Å"fire and strength†. â€Å"State† is defined as â€Å"the nation in its  collective and corporate character†(66). This is based on the â€Å"best self † and becomes the â€Å"national right reason† (93). Culture and Anarchy is full of juxtapositions.According to Miller, Signalling words for comparisons and contrast are are ’in contrast’ (1 time), ’on the other hand’(14 times),  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢on the contrary’ (3 times) and ’however’(28 times); or transition words like ’likewise’ (3 times), ’similarly’ (2 times ’similar’) and ’in a like manner’ (’manner’: 21 times). On the level of content, the most obvious contrasts are between the ’bad examples’ like the liberals Roebuck and Bright, the Alderman of London and Mr. Murphy as well as the writers of the Times, the Saturday Review and the Daily Telegraph, who are compared with the with the good examples of Bishop Wilson, Duke Wellington and St. Augustine.3.7 DialoguesAs mentioned above by Freiburg, its not uncommon to use a dialogue in an essay. The following one can be found in the introduction to Culture and Anarchy where Arnold reports his conversation with a Nonconformist â€Å"†¦ I said, that seemed a pity. ’A pity?’ cried he; ’not at all! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (xxxiv)3.8 MetaphorsOne can always find thousands of metaphors in every text. But the poetic language of the late Romanticist Arnold, used on a nearly Utilitarian topic makes a very picturesque use of metaphors. Arnold describes himself as â€Å"delivered from the Bondage of Bentham† (46), to implicates that he has liberated himself from a philosophy which holds the enemies of culture captive. (Altick, 124).4. ConclusionThis paper has shown that non-fictional prose needs to be investigated by literary studies. It has shown the importance of the essay in the Victorian and fin-de-sià ¨cle period in his parallelism to the development of the periodicals and – with it – the journalism. This might give a hint for the future, on how to analyse hypertexts like bloggs, which can also be read as more or less formal essays.Culture and Anarchy is an example of polemical rhetoric. It was written by a poet of late Romanticism and is thus not well-structured, but very effective. In the words of Caufield (325) â€Å"Arnold the poet knows that stained glass and plainsong will sooner quicken hearts than scholastic disquisitions and cosmological proofs.†